Bibliography
Stanford Enclyclopedia of Philosophy 
This is the single best online resource in philosophy. The articles are carefully done and meticulously reviewed and are updated as needed. The model for an online encyclopedia.
- Shaver, Robert, "Egoism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2015/entries/egoism/>.
- Leopold, David, "Max Stirner", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2015/entries/max-stirner/>.
- Badhwar, Neera K. and Long, Roderick T., "Ayn Rand", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2016 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2016/entries/ayn-rand/>.
Classical Sources
One of the classical sources for a statement of psychological egoism is Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan (1651); it is available on the web at gopher://gopher.vt.edu:10010/02/98/1. For a contemporary reinterpretation of Hobbes which partially challenges the belief that he was a psychological
egoist, see Gregory S. Kavka, Hobbesian Moral and Political Theory (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), especially Chapter Two. Bernard
Gert’s "Hobbes and Psychological Egoism," in Hobbes' Leviathan: Interpretation and Criticism, edited by Bernard Baumrin (Belmont, California:
Wadsworth, 1969), pp. 107-26, introduced the term "tautological egoism;" Gert argues against reading Hobbes solely as a psychological egoist. For a
vigorous defense of Hobbes’ place in English philosophy, see David Gauthier, "Thomas Hobbes: Moral Theorist," in his Moral Dealing. Contract, Ethics,
and Reason (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990), pp. 11-23.
Short Introductions to Egoism
There are several good, short introductions to egoism. See Kurt Baier, "Egoism," A Companion to Ethics, edited by Peter Singer
(Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991), pp. 197-204; Richard Campbell, "Egoism," Encyclopedia of Ethics, edited by Lawrence C. Becker (New
York: Garland Publishing, 1992) Vol. I, pp. 294-297; and.Elliott Sober, "Psychological Egoism," The Blackwell Guide to Ethical
Theory, edited by Hugh LaFollette (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000).
Internet Resources
There are several egoism resources on the world wide web: The most extensive set of resources is to be found at the Egoist Archive ( http://www.nonserviam.com/egoistarchive/ ); the Max Stirner Web site (http://www.nonserviam.com/stirner/ ) also contains helpful
resources on Max Stirner, one of the earliest German egoists; the Objectivism and Ayn Rand site (http://www.vix.com/objectivism/ )
contains information about Ayn Rand; LibertyOnline (http://libertyonline.hypermall.com/) is also an excellent resource. For a
continually updated list of resources on ethical egoism, see the Ethical Egoism (http://ethics.acusd.edu/theories/Egoism/index.html)
page of my Ethics Updates. For an excellent assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of psychological egoism, see Hugh LaFollette,
"The Truth in Psychological Egoism," (http://www.etsu.edu/philos/faculty/hugh/egoism.htm)
Sociobiology and Altruism
See Edward O. Wilson’s On Human Nature (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978), which is directed
toward a nonscientific audience, and his Sociobiology: A New Synthesis (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975), which provides a
more technical statement of the issues; more recently, Robert Wright’s The Moral Animal: Why We are the Way We Are (New York Vintage
Books, 1994) has furthered the case for evolutionary psychology. The literature generated by sociobiology is vast, but for two good
anthologies of critical evaluations, see The Sociobiology Debate, edited by Arthur Caplan (New York: Harper and Row, 1978) and Sociobiology Examined, edited by Ashley Montagu (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980) and my own article, "The Ambiguity and
Limits of a Sociobiological Ethic," International Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. XXIII, 1 (March, 1983), pp. 79-89. For a discussion
of the relevance of sociobiology to egoism, see Peter Singer, The Expanding Circle (New York: New American Library, 1982) and Kavka, Hobbesian Moral and Political Theory, pp. 56 ff. For a short overview, see Alan Gibbard, "Sociobiology," A Companion to Contemporary
Political Philosophy, edited by Robert E. Goodin and Philip Pettit (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1993), pp. 597-610.
Defense of the Possibility of Altruism
For a defense of the possibility of altruism, see Thomas Nagel, The Possibility of Altruism (Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1970). On the rationality of altruism, see Kristen R. Monroe, Michael C. Barton, and Ute Klingemann, "Altruism and the Theory of
Rational Action: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe," Ethics, Vol. 101 (October, 1990), pp. 103-122. For an overview of the
psychological literature, see Dennis Krebs, "Psychological Approaches to Altruism: An Evaluation." Ethics, 92 (1982), 447-58. For a
further discussion of the villagers of Le Chambon, see the chapter on Virtue Ethics below and the bibliographical essay for that
chapter. Also see the essays in the issue on altruism of Social Philosophy & Policy, Vol. 10, No. 1 (Winter, 1993) and the issue on
self-interest, Social Philosophy & Policy, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Winter, 1997).
Reviews on Ethical Egoism Literature
For a review of the literature on ethical egoism, see Tibor Machan, "Recent Work on Ethical Egoism," American Philosophical
Quarterly, Vol. 16, No. 1 (January, 1979), pp. 1-15. Alasdair MacIntyre’s "Egoism and Altruism" in The Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
edited by Paul Edwards (New York: Macmillan, 1967), vol. II, pp. 462-66 contains a perceptive overview of work in this area. Also
see Edward Regis, Jr., "What Is Ethical Egoism?" Ethics, Vol. 91 (October, 1980), pp. 50-62, for a careful consideration of the
various meanings of ethical egoism. There are two excellent anthologies of articles on ethical egoism: David Gauthier, ed., Morality
and Rational Self-interest (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1970); and Ronald. D. Milo’s Egoism and Altruism (Belmont,
California: Wadsworth, 1973). For a review and analysis of attempts to reconcile egoism and traditional accounts of morality, see
Gregory S. Kavka, "The Reconciliation Project," Morality, Reason and Truth. New Essays on the Foundations of Ethics, edited by David
Copp and David Zimmerman (Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Allanheld, 1984), pp. 297-319
Critiques
Among the major critiques of ethical egoism are Christine Korsgaard, "The Myth of Egoism," The Lindley Lectures (Lawrence: University
of Kansas Press, 1999); C. D. Broad, "Egoism as a Theory of Human Motives," reprinted in Egoism and Altruism, edited by Ronald Milo
(Belmont, California: Wadsworth, 1973), pp. 88-100;. David Gauthier, "Morality and Advantage," Philosophical Review, Vol. 76 (1967),
pp. 460-75, reprinted in his Morality and Rational Self-interest; and his "The Impossibility of Rational Egoism," The Journal of
Philosophy, Vol. 71 (1974), pp. 439-56 and his "The Incompleat Egoist," in his Moral Dealing: Contract, Ethics, and Reason (Ithaca:
Cornell University Press, 1990), pp. 234-73; James Rachels, "Two Arguments Against Ethical Egoism," Philosophia, Vol. 4 (1974), pp.
297-314; Brian Medlin, "Ultimate Principles and Ethical Egoism," Australasian Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 35 (1978), pp. 111-18;
Warren Quinn, "Egoism as an Ethical System," Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 71 (1974), pp. 456-72; Kurt Baier, The Moral Point of View (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1958), and his "Ethical Egoism and Interpersonal Compatibility," Philosophical Studies, Vol. 24
(1973), pp. 357-68; and Richard Brandt, "Rationality, Egoism, and Morality," Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 69 (1972), pp. 681-97. For
an excellent collection of critical essays on self-interest from a wide range of disciplines, see Beyond Self-interest, edited by
Jane J. Mansbridge (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990).
Jesse Kalin’s articles provide a tightly-argued defense of the ethical egoist’s position. See his "On Ethical Egoism," American
Philosophical Quarterly Monograph 1 (1969), pp. 26-41;. "Two Kinds of Moral Reasoning," Canadian Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 5
(1975), pp. 323-56; and "In Defense of Egoism," in Morality and Rational Self-interest, edited by David Gauthier (Englewood Cliffs,
N. J.: Prentice Hall, 1970). The game metaphor in Kalin’s argument is discussed in Sidney Trivus, "On Playing the Game," The
Personalist, Vol. 59 (1978), pp. 82-84. Edward. Regis, Jr., "Ethical Egoism and Moral Responsibility," American Philosophical
Quarterly, Vol. 16 (1979), pp. 45-52, defends a version of nonmaximizing ethical egoism that escapes some of the standard criticisms
that ethical egoism permits behavior that commonsense morality would prohibit. More recently, see the defense of ethical egoism in
John Van Ingen, Why Be Moral? The Egoistic Challenge (New York: Lang, 1994).
Much of the discussion of ethical egoism has appeared in a journal called The Personalist (which is now published under the name
Pacific Philosophical Quarterly); see the articles by Emmons, (1969); Brandon (1970); Emmons (1971); Skorpen (1969); Murphy (1971);
Nozick (1971); Hospers (1973); Den Uyl (1975); Dwyer (1975); Carlson (1976); Burrill (1976); Sanders (1976); Benditt (1976); Sanders
(1977).
Moral Sensitivity
On the issue of ethical egoism and moral sensitivity, see Anthony Duff, "Psychopathy and Moral Understanding," American Philosophical
Quarterly, Vol. 14 (1977), pp. 189-200; Chong Kim Chong, "Ethical Egoism and the Moral Point of View," Journal of Value Inquiry,
Vol. 26 (1992), pp. 23-36; and Daniel Putnam, "Egoism and Virtue," ibid. For general comments on the issue of moral sensitivity, see
Larry May, "Insensitivity and Moral Responsibility," Journal of Value Inquiry, Vol. 26 (1992), pp. 7-22 For a consideration of
egoism and friendship, see R. D. Ashmore, Jr., "Friendship and the Problem of Egoism," The Thomist, Vol. 41 (1977), pp. 105-30. On
the role of altruism in friendship, see Lawrence A. Blum, Friendship, Altruism, and Morality (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980)
and Jeffrey Blustein, Care and Commitment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991). For an argument that the dichotomous categories
of altruism and self-interest do not fit friendship, see John Hardwig, "In Search of an Ethic of Interpersonal Relations," Person to
Person, edited by George Graham and Hugh LaFollette (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989), pp. 63-81.
Ethical Egoism and Libertarianism
Much contemporary work about ethical egoism is inspired by libertarianism. Ayn Rand’s novels, such as Atlas Shrugged and The
Fountainhead, provide a powerful literary expression of the ethical egoist’s standpoint; her explicit statement of the egoist’s
standpoint is to be found in her The Virtue of Selfishness (New York: Signet, 1964). For a libertarian approach that is particularly
sensitive to the issue of egoism and rights, see Eric Mack, "How to Derive Ethical Egoism," The Personalist, Vol. 52 (1971), pp.
735-43; "Egoism and Rights," The Personalist, Vol. 54 (1973), pp. 5-33; .and "Egoism and Rights Revisited," The Personalist, Vol. 58
(1977), pp. 282-88. Also see Tibor Machan, Individuals and Their Rights (LaSalle, Illinois: Open Court, 1989).
ged as a very strong version of libertarianism, one that saw government as evil, taxation as theft, and gun control as a sign of weakness and assent to the welfare state. 
In addition to covering all the standard topics, this book was, I think, the first in which an ethical theory book to consider Islam, the Navajo religion, and Buddhism. It was one of the earliest with a sympathetic discussion of the ethics of diversity, a topic now spanning two chapters. The concluding chapter is devotedto applying ethical theories to abortion, euthanasia, and the death penalty.
